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Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale focuses on perceptions ofconsonance and dissonance, and how these are dependent on timbre. This alsorelates to musical scale: certain timbres sound more consonant in some scalesthan others. Sensory consonance and the ability to measure it have importantimplications for the design of audio devices and for musical theory andanalysis. Applications include methods of adapting sounds for arbitrary scales,ways to specify scales for nonharmonic sounds, and techniques of soundmanipulation based on maximizing (or minimizing) consonance. Specialconsideration is given here to a new method of adaptive tuning that canautomatically adjust the tuning of a piece based its timbral character so as tominimize dissonance. Audio examples illustrating the ideas presented areprovided for free on the Springer Extras website (http://extras.springer.com). Thisunique analysis of sound and scale will be of interest to physicists andengineers working in acoustics, as well as to musicians and psychologists .

Sound. --- Tuning. --- Tone color (Music) --- Musical intervals and scales. --- Psychoacoustics. --- Music --- Acoustics and physics. --- Psychophysics --- Sound --- Intervals (Music) --- Modes, Musical --- Musical modes --- Musical scales and intervals --- Scales (Music) --- Music theory --- Musical temperament --- Timbre (Music) --- Tone quality --- Musical acoustics --- Physics --- Monochord --- Musical pitch --- Acoustics --- Continuum mechanics --- Mathematical physics --- Pneumatics --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Modes --- Acoustics and physics --- Electronics. --- Engineering. --- Neurosciences. --- Physiology --- Acoustics. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Engineering, general. --- Physiological, Cellular and Medical Topics. --- Signal, Image and Speech Processing. --- Mathematics. --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Animal physiology --- Animals --- Biology --- Anatomy --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- 78.86.1 --- Microelectronics. --- Biomathematics. --- Signal processing. --- Image processing. --- Speech processing systems. --- Computational linguistics --- Electronic systems --- Information theory --- Modulation theory --- Oral communication --- Speech --- Telecommunication --- Singing voice synthesizers --- Pictorial data processing --- Picture processing --- Processing, Image --- Imaging systems --- Optical data processing --- Processing, Signal --- Information measurement --- Signal theory (Telecommunication) --- Mathematics --- Microminiature electronic equipment --- Microminiaturization (Electronics) --- Electronics --- Microtechnology --- Semiconductors --- Miniature electronic equipment